NAME CPAN - query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites SYNOPSIS Interactive mode: perl -MCPAN -e shell; Batch mode: use CPAN; # modules: $mod = "Acme::Meta"; install $mod; CPAN::Shell->install($mod); # same thing CPAN::Shell->expandany($mod)->install; # same thing CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",$mod)->install; # same thing CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",$mod) ->distribution->install; # same thing # distributions: $distro = "NWCLARK/Acme-Meta-0.01.tar.gz"; install $distro; # same thing CPAN::Shell->install($distro); # same thing CPAN::Shell->expandany($distro)->install; # same thing CPAN::Shell->expand("Distribution",$distro)->install; # same thing STATUS This module and its competitor, the CPANPLUS module, are both much cooler than the other. COMPATIBILITY CPAN.pm is regularly tested to run under 5.004, 5.005, and assorted newer versions. It is getting more and more difficult to get the minimal prerequisites working on older perls. It is close to impossible to get the whole Bundle::CPAN working there. If you're in the position to have only these old versions, be advised that CPAN is designed to work fine without the Bundle::CPAN installed. To get things going, note that GBARR/Scalar-List-Utils-1.18.tar.gz is compatible with ancient perls and that File::Temp is listed as a prerequisite but CPAN has reasonable workarounds if it is missing. DESCRIPTION The CPAN module is designed to automate the make and install of perl modules and extensions. It includes some primitive searching capabilities and knows how to use Net::FTP or LWP (or some external download clients) to fetch the raw data from the net. Modules are fetched from one or more of the mirrored CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network) sites and unpacked in a dedicated directory. The CPAN module also supports the concept of named and versioned *bundles* of modules. Bundles simplify the handling of sets of related modules. See Bundles below. The package contains a session manager and a cache manager. There is no status retained between sessions. The session manager keeps track of what has been fetched, built and installed in the current session. The cache manager keeps track of the disk space occupied by the make processes and deletes excess space according to a simple FIFO mechanism. All methods provided are accessible in a programmer style and in an interactive shell style. CPAN::shell([$prompt, $command]) Starting Interactive Mode The interactive mode is entered by running perl -MCPAN -e shell which puts you into a readline interface. You will have the most fun if you install Term::ReadKey and Term::ReadLine to enjoy both history and command completion. Once you are on the command line, type 'h' and the rest should be self-explanatory. The function call "shell" takes two optional arguments, one is the prompt, the second is the default initial command line (the latter only works if a real ReadLine interface module is installed). The most common uses of the interactive modes are Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules There are corresponding one-letter commands "a", "b", "d", and "m" for each of the four categories and another, "i" for any of the mentioned four. Each of the four entities is implemented as a class with slightly differing methods for displaying an object. Arguments you pass to these commands are either strings exactly matching the identification string of an object or regular expressions that are then matched case-insensitively against various attributes of the objects. The parser recognizes a regular expression only if you enclose it between two slashes. The principle is that the number of found objects influences how an item is displayed. If the search finds one item, the result is displayed with the rather verbose method "as_string", but if we find more than one, we display each object with the terse method "as_glimpse". make, test, install, clean modules or distributions These commands take any number of arguments and investigate what is necessary to perform the action. If the argument is a distribution file name (recognized by embedded slashes), it is processed. If it is a module, CPAN determines the distribution file in which this module is included and processes that, following any dependencies named in the module's META.yml or Makefile.PL (this behavior is controlled by the configuration parameter "prerequisites_policy".) Any "make" or "test" are run unconditionally. An install also is run unconditionally. But for install CPAN checks if an install is actually needed for it and prints *module up to date* in the case that the distribution file containing the module doesn't need to be updated. CPAN also keeps track of what it has done within the current session and doesn't try to build a package a second time regardless if it succeeded or not. The "force" pragma may precede another command (currently: "make", "test", or "install") and executes the command from scratch and tries to continue in case of some errors. Example: cpan> install OpenGL OpenGL is up to date. cpan> force install OpenGL Running make OpenGL-0.4/ OpenGL-0.4/COPYRIGHT [...] The "notest" pragma may be set to skip the test part in the build process. Example: cpan> notest install Tk A "clean" command results in a make clean being executed within the distribution file's working directory. get, readme, perldoc, look module or distribution "get" downloads a distribution file without further action. "readme" displays the README file of the associated distribution. "Look" gets and untars (if not yet done) the distribution file, changes to the appropriate directory and opens a subshell process in that directory. "perldoc" displays the pod documentation of the module in html or plain text format. ls author ls globbing_expression The first form lists all distribution files in and below an author's CPAN directory as they are stored in the CHECKUMS files distributed on CPAN. The listing goes recursive into all subdirectories. The second form allows to limit or expand the output with shell globbing as in the following examples: ls JV/make* ls GSAR/*make* ls */*make* The last example is very slow and outputs extra progress indicators that break the alignment of the result. Note that globbing only lists directories explicitly asked for, for example FOO/* will not list FOO/bar/Acme-Sthg-n.nn.tar.gz. This may be regarded as a bug and may be changed in future versions. failed The "failed" command reports all distributions that failed on one of "make", "test" or "install" for some reason in the currently running shell session. Lockfile Interactive sessions maintain a lockfile, per default "~/.cpan/.lock" (but the directory can be configured via the "cpan_home" config variable). The shell is a bit picky if you try to start another CPAN session. It dies immediately if there is a lockfile and the lock seems to belong to a running process. In case you want to run a second shell session, it is probably safest to maintain another directory, say "~/.cpan-for-X/" and a "~/.cpan-for-X/CPAN/MyConfig.pm" that contains the configuration options. Then you can start the second shell with perl -I ~/.cpan-for-X -MCPAN::MyConfig -MCPAN -e shell Signals CPAN.pm installs signal handlers for SIGINT and SIGTERM. While you are in the cpan-shell it is intended that you can press "^C" anytime and return to the cpan-shell prompt. A SIGTERM will cause the cpan-shell to clean up and leave the shell loop. You can emulate the effect of a SIGTERM by sending two consecutive SIGINTs, which usually means by pressing "^C" twice. CPAN.pm ignores a SIGPIPE. If the user sets inactivity_timeout, a SIGALRM is used during the run of the "perl Makefile.PL" or "perl Build.PL" subprocess. CPAN::Shell The commands that are available in the shell interface are methods in the package CPAN::Shell. If you enter the shell command, all your input is split by the Text::ParseWords::shellwords() routine which acts like most shells do. The first word is being interpreted as the method to be called and the rest of the words are treated as arguments to this method. Continuation lines are supported if a line ends with a literal backslash. autobundle "autobundle" writes a bundle file into the "$CPAN::Config->{cpan_home}/Bundle" directory. The file contains a list of all modules that are both available from CPAN and currently installed within @INC. The name of the bundle file is based on the current date and a counter. recompile recompile() is a very special command in that it takes no argument and runs the make/test/install cycle with brute force over all installed dynamically loadable extensions (aka XS modules) with 'force' in effect. The primary purpose of this command is to finish a network installation. Imagine, you have a common source tree for two different architectures. You decide to do a completely independent fresh installation. You start on one architecture with the help of a Bundle file produced earlier. CPAN installs the whole Bundle for you, but when you try to repeat the job on the second architecture, CPAN responds with a "Foo up to date" message for all modules. So you invoke CPAN's recompile on the second architecture and you're done. Another popular use for "recompile" is to act as a rescue in case your perl breaks binary compatibility. If one of the modules that CPAN uses is in turn depending on binary compatibility (so you cannot run CPAN commands), then you should try the CPAN::Nox module for recovery. upgrade The "upgrade" command first runs an "r" command and then installs the newest versions of all modules that were listed by that. mkmyconfig mkmyconfig() writes your own CPAN::MyConfig file into your ~/.cpan/ directory so that you can save your own preferences instead of the system wide ones. The four "CPAN::*" Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution Although it may be considered internal, the class hierarchy does matter for both users and programmer. CPAN.pm deals with above mentioned four classes, and all those classes share a set of methods. A classical single polymorphism is in effect. A metaclass object registers all objects of all kinds and indexes them with a string. The strings referencing objects have a separated namespace (well, not completely separated): Namespace Class words containing a "/" (slash) Distribution words starting with Bundle:: Bundle everything else Module or Author Modules know their associated Distribution objects. They always refer to the most recent official release. Developers may mark their releases as unstable development versions (by inserting an underbar into the module version number which will also be reflected in the distribution name when you run 'make dist'), so the really hottest and newest distribution is not always the default. If a module Foo circulates on CPAN in both version 1.23 and 1.23_90, CPAN.pm offers a convenient way to install version 1.23 by saying install Foo This would install the complete distribution file (say BAR/Foo-1.23.tar.gz) with all accompanying material. But if you would like to install version 1.23_90, you need to know where the distribution file resides on CPAN relative to the authors/id/ directory. If the author is BAR, this might be BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz; so you would have to say install BAR/Foo-1.23_90.tar.gz The first example will be driven by an object of the class CPAN::Module, the second by an object of class CPAN::Distribution. PROGRAMMER'S INTERFACE If you do not enter the shell, the available shell commands are both available as methods ("CPAN::Shell->install(...)") and as functions in the calling package ("install(...)"). There's currently only one class that has a stable interface - CPAN::Shell. All commands that are available in the CPAN shell are methods of the class CPAN::Shell. Each of the commands that produce listings of modules ("r", "autobundle", "u") also return a list of the IDs of all modules within the list. expand($type,@things) The IDs of all objects available within a program are strings that can be expanded to the corresponding real objects with the "CPAN::Shell->expand("Module",@things)" method. Expand returns a list of CPAN::Module objects according to the @things arguments given. In scalar context it only returns the first element of the list. expandany(@things) Like expand, but returns objects of the appropriate type, i.e. CPAN::Bundle objects for bundles, CPAN::Module objects for modules and CPAN::Distribution objects for distributions. Note: it does not expand to CPAN::Author objects. Programming Examples This enables the programmer to do operations that combine functionalities that are available in the shell. # install everything that is outdated on my disk: perl -MCPAN -e 'CPAN::Shell->install(CPAN::Shell->r)' # install my favorite programs if necessary: for $mod (qw(Net::FTP Digest::SHA Data::Dumper)){ my $obj = CPAN::Shell->expand('Module',$mod); $obj->install; } # list all modules on my disk that have no VERSION number for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/./")){ next unless $mod->inst_file; # MakeMaker convention for undefined $VERSION: next unless $mod->inst_version eq "undef"; print "No VERSION in ", $mod->id, "\n"; } # find out which distribution on CPAN contains a module: print CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","Apache::Constants")->cpan_file Or if you want to write a cronjob to watch The CPAN, you could list all modules that need updating. First a quick and dirty way: perl -e 'use CPAN; CPAN::Shell->r;' If you don't want to get any output in the case that all modules are up to date, you can parse the output of above command for the regular expression //modules are up to date// and decide to mail the output only if it doesn't match. Ick? If you prefer to do it more in a programmer style in one single process, maybe something like this suits you better: # list all modules on my disk that have newer versions on CPAN for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/./")){ next unless $mod->inst_file; next if $mod->uptodate; printf "Module %s is installed as %s, could be updated to %s from CPAN\n", $mod->id, $mod->inst_version, $mod->cpan_version; } If that gives you too much output every day, you maybe only want to watch for three modules. You can write for $mod (CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","/Apache|LWP|CGI/")){ as the first line instead. Or you can combine some of the above tricks: # watch only for a new mod_perl module $mod = CPAN::Shell->expand("Module","mod_perl"); exit if $mod->uptodate; # new mod_perl arrived, let me know all update recommendations CPAN::Shell->r; Methods in the other Classes The programming interface for the classes CPAN::Module, CPAN::Distribution, CPAN::Bundle, and CPAN::Author is still considered beta and partially even alpha. In the following paragraphs only those methods are documented that have proven useful over a longer time and thus are unlikely to change. CPAN::Author::as_glimpse() Returns a one-line description of the author CPAN::Author::as_string() Returns a multi-line description of the author CPAN::Author::email() Returns the author's email address CPAN::Author::fullname() Returns the author's name CPAN::Author::name() An alias for fullname CPAN::Bundle::as_glimpse() Returns a one-line description of the bundle CPAN::Bundle::as_string() Returns a multi-line description of the bundle CPAN::Bundle::clean() Recursively runs the "clean" method on all items contained in the bundle. CPAN::Bundle::contains() Returns a list of objects' IDs contained in a bundle. The associated objects may be bundles, modules or distributions. CPAN::Bundle::force($method,@args) Forces CPAN to perform a task that normally would have failed. Force takes as arguments a method name to be called and any number of additional arguments that should be passed to the called method. The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm does not refuse to take the action. The "force" is passed recursively to all contained objects. CPAN::Bundle::get() Recursively runs the "get" method on all items contained in the bundle CPAN::Bundle::inst_file() Returns the highest installed version of the bundle in either @INC or "$CPAN::Config-"{cpan_home}>. Note that this is different from CPAN::Module::inst_file. CPAN::Bundle::inst_version() Like CPAN::Bundle::inst_file, but returns the $VERSION CPAN::Bundle::uptodate() Returns 1 if the bundle itself and all its members are uptodate. CPAN::Bundle::install() Recursively runs the "install" method on all items contained in the bundle CPAN::Bundle::make() Recursively runs the "make" method on all items contained in the bundle CPAN::Bundle::readme() Recursively runs the "readme" method on all items contained in the bundle CPAN::Bundle::test() Recursively runs the "test" method on all items contained in the bundle CPAN::Distribution::as_glimpse() Returns a one-line description of the distribution CPAN::Distribution::as_string() Returns a multi-line description of the distribution CPAN::Distribution::author Returns the CPAN::Author object of the maintainer who uploaded this distribution CPAN::Distribution::clean() Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and runs "make clean" there. CPAN::Distribution::containsmods() Returns a list of IDs of modules contained in a distribution file. Only works for distributions listed in the 02packages.details.txt.gz file. This typically means that only the most recent version of a distribution is covered. CPAN::Distribution::cvs_import() Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and runs something like cvs -d $cvs_root import -m $cvs_log $cvs_dir $userid v$version there. CPAN::Distribution::dir() Returns the directory into which this distribution has been unpacked. CPAN::Distribution::force($method,@args) Forces CPAN to perform a task that normally would have failed. Force takes as arguments a method name to be called and any number of additional arguments that should be passed to the called method. The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm does not refuse to take the action. CPAN::Distribution::get() Downloads the distribution from CPAN and unpacks it. Does nothing if the distribution has already been downloaded and unpacked within the current session. CPAN::Distribution::install() Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and runs the external command "make install" there. If "make" has not yet been run, it will be run first. A "make test" will be issued in any case and if this fails, the install will be canceled. The cancellation can be avoided by letting "force" run the "install" for you. Note that install() gives no meaningful return value. See uptodate(). CPAN::Distribution::isa_perl() Returns 1 if this distribution file seems to be a perl distribution. Normally this is derived from the file name only, but the index from CPAN can contain a hint to achieve a return value of true for other filenames too. CPAN::Distribution::look() Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and opens a subshell there. Exiting the subshell returns. CPAN::Distribution::make() First runs the "get" method to make sure the distribution is downloaded and unpacked. Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and runs the external commands "perl Makefile.PL" or "perl Build.PL" and "make" there. CPAN::Distribution::perldoc() Downloads the pod documentation of the file associated with a distribution (in html format) and runs it through the external command lynx specified in "$CPAN::Config-"{lynx}>. If lynx isn't available, it converts it to plain text with external command html2text and runs it through the pager specified in "$CPAN::Config-"{pager}> CPAN::Distribution::prereq_pm() Returns the hash reference that has been announced by a distribution as the merge of the "requires" element and the "build_requires" element of the META.yml or the "PREREQ_PM" hash in the "Makefile.PL". Note: works only after an attempt has been made to "make" the distribution. Returns undef otherwise. CPAN::Distribution::readme() Downloads the README file associated with a distribution and runs it through the pager specified in "$CPAN::Config-"{pager}>. CPAN::Distribution::read_yaml() Returns the content of the META.yml of this distro as a hashref. Note: works only after an attempt has been made to "make" the distribution. Returns undef otherwise. CPAN::Distribution::test() Changes to the directory where the distribution has been unpacked and runs "make test" there. CPAN::Distribution::uptodate() Returns 1 if all the modules contained in the distribution are uptodate. Relies on containsmods. CPAN::Index::force_reload() Forces a reload of all indices. CPAN::Index::reload() Reloads all indices if they have not been read for more than "$CPAN::Config-"{index_expire}> days. CPAN::InfoObj::dump() CPAN::Author, CPAN::Bundle, CPAN::Module, and CPAN::Distribution inherit this method. It prints the data structure associated with an object. Useful for debugging. Note: the data structure is considered internal and thus subject to change without notice. CPAN::Module::as_glimpse() Returns a one-line description of the module in four columns: The first column contains the word "Module", the second column consists of one character: an equals sign if this module is already installed and uptodate, a less-than sign if this module is installed but can be upgraded, and a space if the module is not installed. The third column is the name of the module and the fourth column gives maintainer or distribution information. CPAN::Module::as_string() Returns a multi-line description of the module CPAN::Module::clean() Runs a clean on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::cpan_file() Returns the filename on CPAN that is associated with the module. CPAN::Module::cpan_version() Returns the latest version of this module available on CPAN. CPAN::Module::cvs_import() Runs a cvs_import on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::description() Returns a 44 character description of this module. Only available for modules listed in The Module List (CPAN/modules/00modlist.long.html or 00modlist.long.txt.gz) CPAN::Module::distribution() Returns the CPAN::Distribution object that contains the current version of this module. CPAN::Module::dslip_status() Returns a hash reference. The keys of the hash are the letters "D", "S", "L", "I", and

, for development status, support level, language, interface and public licence respectively. The data for the DSLIP status are collected by pause.perl.org when authors register their namespaces. The values of the 5 hash elements are one-character words whose meaning is described in the table below. There are also 5 hash elements "DV", "SV", "LV", "IV", and that carry a more verbose value of the 5 status variables. Where the 'DSLIP' characters have the following meanings: D - Development Stage (Note: *NO IMPLIED TIMESCALES*): i - Idea, listed to gain consensus or as a placeholder c - under construction but pre-alpha (not yet released) a/b - Alpha/Beta testing R - Released M - Mature (no rigorous definition) S - Standard, supplied with Perl 5 S - Support Level: m - Mailing-list d - Developer u - Usenet newsgroup comp.lang.perl.modules n - None known, try comp.lang.perl.modules a - abandoned; volunteers welcome to take over maintainance L - Language Used: p - Perl-only, no compiler needed, should be platform independent c - C and perl, a C compiler will be needed h - Hybrid, written in perl with optional C code, no compiler needed + - C++ and perl, a C++ compiler will be needed o - perl and another language other than C or C++ I - Interface Style f - plain Functions, no references used h - hybrid, object and function interfaces available n - no interface at all (huh?) r - some use of unblessed References or ties O - Object oriented using blessed references and/or inheritance P - Public License p - Standard-Perl: user may choose between GPL and Artistic g - GPL: GNU General Public License l - LGPL: "GNU Lesser General Public License" (previously known as "GNU Library General Public License") b - BSD: The BSD License a - Artistic license alone o - open source: appoved by www.opensource.org d - allows distribution without restrictions r - restricted distribtion n - no license at all CPAN::Module::force($method,@args) Forces CPAN to perform a task that normally would have failed. Force takes as arguments a method name to be called and any number of additional arguments that should be passed to the called method. The internals of the object get the needed changes so that CPAN.pm does not refuse to take the action. CPAN::Module::get() Runs a get on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::inst_file() Returns the filename of the module found in @INC. The first file found is reported just like perl itself stops searching @INC when it finds a module. CPAN::Module::inst_version() Returns the version number of the module in readable format. CPAN::Module::install() Runs an "install" on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::look() Changes to the directory where the distribution associated with this module has been unpacked and opens a subshell there. Exiting the subshell returns. CPAN::Module::make() Runs a "make" on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::manpage_headline() If module is installed, peeks into the module's manpage, reads the headline and returns it. Moreover, if the module has been downloaded within this session, does the equivalent on the downloaded module even if it is not installed. CPAN::Module::perldoc() Runs a "perldoc" on this module. CPAN::Module::readme() Runs a "readme" on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::test() Runs a "test" on the distribution associated with this module. CPAN::Module::uptodate() Returns 1 if the module is installed and up-to-date. CPAN::Module::userid() Returns the author's ID of the module. Cache Manager Currently the cache manager only keeps track of the build directory ($CPAN::Config->{build_dir}). It is a simple FIFO mechanism that deletes complete directories below "build_dir" as soon as the size of all directories there gets bigger than $CPAN::Config->{build_cache} (in MB). The contents of this cache may be used for later re-installations that you intend to do manually, but will never be trusted by CPAN itself. This is due to the fact that the user might use these directories for building modules on different architectures. There is another directory ($CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where}) where the original distribution files are kept. This directory is not covered by the cache manager and must be controlled by the user. If you choose to have the same directory as build_dir and as keep_source_where directory, then your sources will be deleted with the same fifo mechanism. Bundles A bundle is just a perl module in the namespace Bundle:: that does not define any functions or methods. It usually only contains documentation. It starts like a perl module with a package declaration and a $VERSION variable. After that the pod section looks like any other pod with the only difference being that *one special pod section* exists starting with (verbatim): =head1 CONTENTS In this pod section each line obeys the format Module_Name [Version_String] [- optional text] The only required part is the first field, the name of a module (e.g. Foo::Bar, ie. *not* the name of the distribution file). The rest of the line is optional. The comment part is delimited by a dash just as in the man page header. The distribution of a bundle should follow the same convention as other distributions. Bundles are treated specially in the CPAN package. If you say 'install Bundle::Tkkit' (assuming such a bundle exists), CPAN will install all the modules in the CONTENTS section of the pod. You can install your own Bundles locally by placing a conformant Bundle file somewhere into your @INC path. The autobundle() command which is available in the shell interface does that for you by including all currently installed modules in a snapshot bundle file. PREREQUISITES If you have a local mirror of CPAN and can access all files with "file:" URLs, then you only need a perl better than perl5.003 to run this module. Otherwise Net::FTP is strongly recommended. LWP may be required for non-UNIX systems or if your nearest CPAN site is associated with a URL that is not "ftp:". If you have neither Net::FTP nor LWP, there is a fallback mechanism implemented for an external ftp command or for an external lynx command. UTILITIES Finding packages and VERSION This module presumes that all packages on CPAN * declare their $VERSION variable in an easy to parse manner. This prerequisite can hardly be relaxed because it consumes far too much memory to load all packages into the running program just to determine the $VERSION variable. Currently all programs that are dealing with version use something like this perl -MExtUtils::MakeMaker -le \ 'print MM->parse_version(shift)' filename If you are author of a package and wonder if your $VERSION can be parsed, please try the above method. * come as compressed or gzipped tarfiles or as zip files and contain a "Makefile.PL" or "Build.PL" (well, we try to handle a bit more, but without much enthusiasm). Debugging The debugging of this module is a bit complex, because we have interferences of the software producing the indices on CPAN, of the mirroring process on CPAN, of packaging, of configuration, of synchronicity, and of bugs within CPAN.pm. For code debugging in interactive mode you can try "o debug" which will list options for debugging the various parts of the code. You should know that "o debug" has built-in completion support. For data debugging there is the "dump" command which takes the same arguments as make/test/install and outputs the object's Data::Dumper dump. Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode CPAN.pm works nicely without network too. If you maintain machines that are not networked at all, you should consider working with file: URLs. Of course, you have to collect your modules somewhere first. So you might use CPAN.pm to put together all you need on a networked machine. Then copy the $CPAN::Config->{keep_source_where} (but not $CPAN::Config->{build_dir}) directory on a floppy. This floppy is kind of a personal CPAN. CPAN.pm on the non-networked machines works nicely with this floppy. See also below the paragraph about CD-ROM support. Basic Utilities for Programmers has_inst($module) Returns true if the module is installed. See the source for details. has_usable($module) Returns true if the module is installed and several and is in a usable state. Only useful for a handful of modules that are used internally. See the source for details. instance($module) The constructor for all the singletons used to represent modules, distributions, authors and bundles. If the object already exists, this method returns the object, otherwise it calls the constructor. CONFIGURATION When the CPAN module is used for the first time, a configuration dialog tries to determine a couple of site specific options. The result of the dialog is stored in a hash reference $CPAN::Config in a file CPAN/Config.pm. The default values defined in the CPAN/Config.pm file can be overridden in a user specific file: CPAN/MyConfig.pm. Such a file is best placed in $HOME/.cpan/CPAN/MyConfig.pm, because $HOME/.cpan is added to the search path of the CPAN module before the use() or require() statements. The configuration dialog can be started any time later again by issuing the command " o conf init " in the CPAN shell. A subset of the configuration dialog can be run by issuing "o conf init WORD" where WORD is any valid config variable or a regular expression. Currently the following keys in the hash reference $CPAN::Config are defined: build_cache size of cache for directories to build modules build_dir locally accessible directory to build modules bzip2 path to external prg cache_metadata use serializer to cache metadata commands_quote prefered character to use for quoting external commands when running them. Defaults to double quote on Windows, single tick everywhere else; can be set to space to disable quoting check_sigs if signatures should be verified colorize_output boolean if Term::ANSIColor should colorize output colorize_print Term::ANSIColor attributes for normal output colorize_warn Term::ANSIColor attributes for warnings commandnumber_in_prompt boolean if you want to see current command number cpan_home local directory reserved for this package curl path to external prg dontload_hash DEPRECATED dontload_list arrayref: modules in the list will not be loaded by the CPAN::has_inst() routine ftp path to external prg ftp_passive if set, the envariable FTP_PASSIVE is set for downloads ftp_proxy proxy host for ftp requests getcwd see below gpg path to external prg gzip location of external program gzip histfile file to maintain history between sessions histsize maximum number of lines to keep in histfile http_proxy proxy host for http requests inactivity_timeout breaks interactive Makefile.PLs or Build.PLs after this many seconds inactivity. Set to 0 to never break. index_expire after this many days refetch index files inhibit_startup_message if true, does not print the startup message keep_source_where directory in which to keep the source (if we do) lynx path to external prg make location of external make program make_arg arguments that should always be passed to 'make' make_install_make_command the make command for running 'make install', for example 'sudo make' make_install_arg same as make_arg for 'make install' makepl_arg arguments passed to 'perl Makefile.PL' mbuild_arg arguments passed to './Build' mbuild_install_arg arguments passed to './Build install' mbuild_install_build_command command to use instead of './Build' when we are in the install stage, for example 'sudo ./Build' mbuildpl_arg arguments passed to 'perl Build.PL' ncftp path to external prg ncftpget path to external prg no_proxy don't proxy to these hosts/domains (comma separated list) pager location of external program more (or any pager) password your password if you CPAN server wants one prefer_installer legal values are MB and EUMM: if a module comes with both a Makefile.PL and a Build.PL, use the former (EUMM) or the latter (MB); if the module comes with only one of the two, that one will be used in any case prerequisites_policy what to do if you are missing module prerequisites ('follow' automatically, 'ask' me, or 'ignore') proxy_user username for accessing an authenticating proxy proxy_pass password for accessing an authenticating proxy scan_cache controls scanning of cache ('atstart' or 'never') shell your favorite shell show_upload_date boolean if commands should try to determine upload date tar location of external program tar term_is_latin if true internal UTF-8 is translated to ISO-8859-1 (and nonsense for characters outside latin range) term_ornaments boolean to turn ReadLine ornamenting on/off test_report email test reports (if CPAN::Reporter is installed) unzip location of external program unzip urllist arrayref to nearby CPAN sites (or equivalent locations) username your username if you CPAN server wants one wait_list arrayref to a wait server to try (See CPAN::WAIT) wget path to external prg You can set and query each of these options interactively in the cpan shell with the command set defined within the "o conf" command: "o conf " prints the current value of the *scalar option* "o conf " Sets the value of the *scalar option* to *value* "o conf " prints the current value of the *list option* in MakeMaker's neatvalue format. "o conf [shift|pop]" shifts or pops the array in the *list option* variable "o conf [unshift|push|splice] " works like the corresponding perl commands. CPAN::anycwd($path): Note on config variable getcwd CPAN.pm changes the current working directory often and needs to determine its own current working directory. Per default it uses Cwd::cwd but if this doesn't work on your system for some reason, alternatives can be configured according to the following table: cwd Calls Cwd::cwd getcwd Calls Cwd::getcwd fastcwd Calls Cwd::fastcwd backtickcwd Calls the external command cwd. Note on urllist parameter's format urllist parameters are URLs according to RFC 1738. We do a little guessing if your URL is not compliant, but if you have problems with file URLs, please try the correct format. Either: file://localhost/whatever/ftp/pub/CPAN/ or file:///home/ftp/pub/CPAN/ urllist parameter has CD-ROM support The "urllist" parameter of the configuration table contains a list of URLs that are to be used for downloading. If the list contains any "file" URLs, CPAN always tries to get files from there first. This feature is disabled for index files. So the recommendation for the owner of a CD-ROM with CPAN contents is: include your local, possibly outdated CD-ROM as a "file" URL at the end of urllist, e.g. o conf urllist push file://localhost/CDROM/CPAN CPAN.pm will then fetch the index files from one of the CPAN sites that come at the beginning of urllist. It will later check for each module if there is a local copy of the most recent version. Another peculiarity of urllist is that the site that we could successfully fetch the last file from automatically gets a preference token and is tried as the first site for the next request. So if you add a new site at runtime it may happen that the previously preferred site will be tried another time. This means that if you want to disallow a site for the next transfer, it must be explicitly removed from urllist. SECURITY There's no strong security layer in CPAN.pm. CPAN.pm helps you to install foreign, unmasked, unsigned code on your machine. We compare to a checksum that comes from the net just as the distribution file itself. But we try to make it easy to add security on demand: Cryptographically signed modules Since release 1.77 CPAN.pm has been able to verify cryptographically signed module distributions using Module::Signature. The CPAN modules can be signed by their authors, thus giving more security. The simple unsigned MD5 checksums that were used before by CPAN protect mainly against accidental file corruption. You will need to have Module::Signature installed, which in turn requires that you have at least one of Crypt::OpenPGP module or the command-line gpg tool installed. You will also need to be able to connect over the Internet to the public keyservers, like pgp.mit.edu, and their port 11731 (the HKP protocol). The configuration parameter check_sigs is there to turn signature checking on or off. EXPORT Most functions in package CPAN are exported per default. The reason for this is that the primary use is intended for the cpan shell or for one-liners. ENVIRONMENT When the CPAN shell enters a subshell via the look command, it sets the environment CPAN_SHELL_LEVEL to 1 or increments it if it is already set. When the config variable ftp_passive is set, all downloads will be run with the environment variable FTP_PASSIVE set to this value. This is in general a good idea as it influences both Net::FTP and LWP based connections. The same effect can be achieved by starting the cpan shell with this environment variable set. For Net::FTP alone, one can also always set passive mode by running libnetcfg. POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES Populating a freshly installed perl with my favorite modules is pretty easy if you maintain a private bundle definition file. To get a useful blueprint of a bundle definition file, the command autobundle can be used on the CPAN shell command line. This command writes a bundle definition file for all modules that are installed for the currently running perl interpreter. It's recommended to run this command only once and from then on maintain the file manually under a private name, say Bundle/my_bundle.pm. With a clever bundle file you can then simply say cpan> install Bundle::my_bundle then answer a few questions and then go out for a coffee. Maintaining a bundle definition file means keeping track of two things: dependencies and interactivity. CPAN.pm sometimes fails on calculating dependencies because not all modules define all MakeMaker attributes correctly, so a bundle definition file should specify prerequisites as early as possible. On the other hand, it's a bit annoying that many distributions need some interactive configuring. So what I try to accomplish in my private bundle file is to have the packages that need to be configured early in the file and the gentle ones later, so I can go out after a few minutes and leave CPAN.pm untended. WORKING WITH CPAN.pm BEHIND FIREWALLS Thanks to Graham Barr for contributing the following paragraphs about the interaction between perl, and various firewall configurations. For further information on firewalls, it is recommended to consult the documentation that comes with the ncftp program. If you are unable to go through the firewall with a simple Perl setup, it is very likely that you can configure ncftp so that it works for your firewall. Three basic types of firewalls Firewalls can be categorized into three basic types. http firewall This is where the firewall machine runs a web server and to access the outside world you must do it via the web server. If you set environment variables like http_proxy or ftp_proxy to a values beginning with http:// or in your web browser you have to set proxy information then you know you are running an http firewall. To access servers outside these types of firewalls with perl (even for ftp) you will need to use LWP. ftp firewall This where the firewall machine runs an ftp server. This kind of firewall will only let you access ftp servers outside the firewall. This is usually done by connecting to the firewall with ftp, then entering a username like "user@outside.host.com" To access servers outside these type of firewalls with perl you will need to use Net::FTP. One way visibility I say one way visibility as these firewalls try to make themselves look invisible to the users inside the firewall. An FTP data connection is normally created by sending the remote server your IP address and then listening for the connection. But the remote server will not be able to connect to you because of the firewall. So for these types of firewall FTP connections need to be done in a passive mode. There are two that I can think off. SOCKS If you are using a SOCKS firewall you will need to compile perl and link it with the SOCKS library, this is what is normally called a 'socksified' perl. With this executable you will be able to connect to servers outside the firewall as if it is not there. IP Masquerade This is the firewall implemented in the Linux kernel, it allows you to hide a complete network behind one IP address. With this firewall no special compiling is needed as you can access hosts directly. For accessing ftp servers behind such firewalls you usually need to set the environment variable "FTP_PASSIVE" or the config variable ftp_passive to a true value. Configuring lynx or ncftp for going through a firewall If you can go through your firewall with e.g. lynx, presumably with a command such as /usr/local/bin/lynx -pscott:tiger then you would configure CPAN.pm with the command o conf lynx "/usr/local/bin/lynx -pscott:tiger" That's all. Similarly for ncftp or ftp, you would configure something like o conf ncftp "/usr/bin/ncftp -f /home/scott/ncftplogin.cfg" Your mileage may vary... FAQ 1) I installed a new version of module X but CPAN keeps saying, I have the old version installed Most probably you do have the old version installed. This can happen if a module installs itself into a different directory in the @INC path than it was previously installed. This is not really a CPAN.pm problem, you would have the same problem when installing the module manually. The easiest way to prevent this behaviour is to add the argument "UNINST=1" to the "make install" call, and that is why many people add this argument permanently by configuring o conf make_install_arg UNINST=1 2) So why is UNINST=1 not the default? Because there are people who have their precise expectations about who may install where in the @INC path and who uses which @INC array. In fine tuned environments "UNINST=1" can cause damage. 3) I want to clean up my mess, and install a new perl along with all modules I have. How do I go about it? Run the autobundle command for your old perl and optionally rename the resulting bundle file (e.g. Bundle/mybundle.pm), install the new perl with the Configure option prefix, e.g. ./Configure -Dprefix=/usr/local/perl-5.6.78.9 Install the bundle file you produced in the first step with something like cpan> install Bundle::mybundle and you're done. 4) When I install bundles or multiple modules with one command there is too much output to keep track of. You may want to configure something like o conf make_arg "| tee -ai /root/.cpan/logs/make.out" o conf make_install_arg "| tee -ai /root/.cpan/logs/make_install.out" so that STDOUT is captured in a file for later inspection. 5) I am not root, how can I install a module in a personal directory? First of all, you will want to use your own configuration, not the one that your root user installed. If you do not have permission to write in the cpan directory that root has configured, you will be asked if you want to create your own config. Answering "yes" will bring you into CPAN's configuration stage, using the system config for all defaults except things that have to do with CPAN's work directory, saving your choices to your MyConfig.pm file. You can also manually initiate this process with the following command: % perl -MCPAN -e 'mkmyconfig' or by running mkmyconfig from the CPAN shell. You will most probably also want to configure something like this: o conf makepl_arg "LIB=~/myperl/lib \ INSTALLMAN1DIR=~/myperl/man/man1 \ INSTALLMAN3DIR=~/myperl/man/man3" You can make this setting permanent like all "o conf" settings with "o conf commit". You will have to add ~/myperl/man to the MANPATH environment variable and also tell your perl programs to look into ~/myperl/lib, e.g. by including use lib "$ENV{HOME}/myperl/lib"; or setting the PERL5LIB environment variable. While we're speaking about $ENV{HOME}, it might be worth mentioning, that for Windows we use the File::HomeDir module that provides an equivalent to the concept of the home directory on Unix. Another thing you should bear in mind is that the UNINST parameter can be dnagerous when you are installing into a private area because you might accidentally remove modules that other people depend on that are not using the private area. 6) How to get a package, unwrap it, and make a change before building it? Have a look at the "look" (!) command. 7) I installed a Bundle and had a couple of fails. When I retried, everything resolved nicely. Can this be fixed to work on first try? The reason for this is that CPAN does not know the dependencies of all modules when it starts out. To decide about the additional items to install, it just uses data found in the META.yml file or the generated Makefile. An undetected missing piece breaks the process. But it may well be that your Bundle installs some prerequisite later than some depending item and thus your second try is able to resolve everything. Please note, CPAN.pm does not know the dependency tree in advance and cannot sort the queue of things to install in a topologically correct order. It resolves perfectly well IF all modules declare the prerequisites correctly with the PREREQ_PM attribute to MakeMaker or the "requires" stanza of Module::Build. For bundles which fail and you need to install often, it is recommended to sort the Bundle definition file manually. 8) In our intranet we have many modules for internal use. How can I integrate these modules with CPAN.pm but without uploading the modules to CPAN? Have a look at the CPAN::Site module. 9) When I run CPAN's shell, I get an error message about things in my /etc/inputrc (or ~/.inputrc) file. These are readline issues and can only be fixed by studying readline configuration on your architecture and adjusting the referenced file accordingly. Please make a backup of the /etc/inputrc or ~/.inputrc and edit them. Quite often harmless changes like uppercasing or lowercasing some arguments solves the problem. 10) Some authors have strange characters in their names. Internally CPAN.pm uses the UTF-8 charset. If your terminal is expecting ISO-8859-1 charset, a converter can be activated by setting term_is_latin to a true value in your config file. One way of doing so would be cpan> o conf term_is_latin 1 If other charset support is needed, please file a bugreport against CPAN.pm at rt.cpan.org and describe your needs. Maybe we can extend the support or maybe UTF-8 terminals become widely available. 11) When an install fails for some reason and then I correct the error condition and retry, CPAN.pm refuses to install the module, saying "Already tried without success". Use the force pragma like so force install Foo::Bar This does a bit more than really needed because it untars the distribution again and runs make and test and only then install. Or, if you find this is too fast and you would prefer to do smaller steps, say force get Foo::Bar first and then continue as always. "Force get" *forgets* previous error conditions. Or you can use look Foo::Bar and then 'make install' directly in the subshell. Or you leave the CPAN shell and start it again. For the really curious, by accessing internals directly, you *could* !delete CPAN::Shell->expandany("Foo::Bar")->distribution->{install} but this is neither guaranteed to work in the future nor is it a decent command. 12) How do I install a "DEVELOPER RELEASE" of a module? By default, CPAN will install the latest non-developer release of a module. If you want to install a dev release, you have to specify the partial path starting with the author id to the tarball you wish to install, like so: cpan> install KWILLIAMS/Module-Build-0.27_07.tar.gz Note that you can use the "ls" command to get this path listed. 13) How do I install a module and all its dependencies from the commandline, without being prompted for anything, despite my CPAN configuration (or lack thereof)? CPAN uses ExtUtils::MakeMaker's prompt() function to ask its questions, so if you set the PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT environment variable, you shouldn't be asked any questions at all (assuming the modules you are installing are nice about obeying that variable as well): % PERL_MM_USE_DEFAULT=1 perl -MCPAN -e 'install My::Module' 14) How do I create a Module::Build based Build.PL derived from an ExtUtils::MakeMaker focused Makefile.PL? http://search.cpan.org/search?query=Module::Build::Convert http://accognoscere.org/papers/perl-module-build-convert/module-buil d-convert.html BUGS Please report bugs via http://rt.cpan.org/ Before submitting a bug, please make sure that the traditional method of building a Perl module package from a shell by following the installation instructions of that package still works in your environment. SECURITY ADVICE This software enables you to upgrade software on your computer and so is inherently dangerous because the newly installed software may contain bugs and may alter the way your computer works or even make it unusable. Please consider backing up your data before every upgrade. AUTHOR Andreas Koenig "" LICENSE This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. See TRANSLATIONS Kawai,Takanori provides a Japanese translation of this manpage at http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/perltips/CPAN.htm SEE ALSO cpan(1), CPAN::Nox(3pm), CPAN::Version(3pm)